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(1) The Spread of the Iron
Culture |
| After the destruction of
Kojoson, its wandering people scattered out in all
directions and spread the Iron culture to all parts of
the Korean peninsula. On the basis of this new culture,
the new nations of Puyo, Koguryo, and the three Hans
began. During this period, iron-made farm implements
were used and agriculture was highly developed,
accelerating social development and change, heightening
productivity and strengthening military might.
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| (2) Northern Nations
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The nation of Puyo grew
around the Sungari River basins in Manchuria; Koguryo
rose in the environs of the mid-Yalu River. Okcho stood
in the plains of Hamhung on the eastern coast, and
Tong'ye developed to the south. The Okcho and Tong'ye
Kingdoms came under the control of Koguryo shortly
thereafter. Puyo existed as a national entity for a long
time, but was finally annexed as a part of
Koguryo.
As part of their beliefs, the people of Puyo
observed a heaven-worshipping ceremony called "Yonggo"
during the twelfth lunar month. Meanwhile during the
tenth lunar month, Koguryo offered a sacrifice to the
spirits of their ancestors by holding a huge banquet
refered to as "Tongmaeng" and Tong'ye held a celebration
worshipping the heavens called "Much'on". The people of
Koguryo respected military arts and strength; thus they
were known to be tough and strong. |
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| (3) Southern Nations
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The nations of Mahan, Chinhan and
Pyonhan, along with other small states existed south of
the Han River. In Samhan, rice farming flourished and
dam reservoirs such as Pyokkol-je in Kimje and Susan-je
in Miryang were built.
In addition, during the fifth
and the tenth lunar months, their people offered
sacrifices to heaven and engaged in songs and dances.
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