I. THE BEGINNING OF THE HISTORY OF KOREA
3. Other Nations

(1) The Spread of the Iron Culture

After the destruction of Kojoson, its wandering people scattered out in all directions and spread the Iron culture to all parts of the Korean peninsula. On the basis of this new culture, the new nations of Puyo, Koguryo, and the three Hans began. During this period, iron-made farm implements were used and agriculture was highly developed, accelerating social development and change, heightening productivity and strengthening military might.
 
Ironwork
 
(2) Northern Nations
The nation of Puyo grew around the Sungari River basins in Manchuria; Koguryo rose in the environs of the mid-Yalu River. Okcho stood in the plains of Hamhung on the eastern coast, and Tong'ye developed to the south. The Okcho and Tong'ye Kingdoms came under the control of Koguryo shortly thereafter. Puyo existed as a national entity for a long time, but was finally annexed as a part of Koguryo.
As part of their beliefs, the people of Puyo observed a heaven-worshipping ceremony called "Yonggo" during the twelfth lunar month. Meanwhile during the tenth lunar month, Koguryo offered a sacrifice to the spirits of their ancestors by holding a huge banquet refered to as "Tongmaeng" and Tong'ye held a celebration worshipping the heavens called "Much'on". The people of Koguryo respected military arts and strength; thus they were known to be tough and strong.
 
(3) Southern Nations
The nations of Mahan, Chinhan and Pyonhan, along with other small states existed south of the Han River. In Samhan, rice farming flourished and dam reservoirs such as Pyokkol-je in Kimje and Susan-je in Miryang were built.
In addition, during the fifth and the tenth lunar months, their people offered sacrifices to heaven and engaged in songs and dances.